His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President, Prime Minister and Ruler of Dubai, and His Highness Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and Deputy Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces, have reviewed the final preparations of the Emirates Mars Mission team as the Hope probe is a few days away from arriving to Mars’ orbit in the first-ever Arab interplanetary mission.
In a meeting where both leaders discussed a number of strategic and national plans, Sarah Al Amiri, Minister of State for Advanced Technology and Chairperson of the UAE Space Agency, presented the last stages of the Hope probe’s journey, leading up to its expected arrival to the Red Planet’s orbit on Tuesday, Feb. 9, 2021 at 7:42pm UAE timing.
The probe’s successful arrival to Mars will make the UAE the fifth nation in the world to reach the Red Planet after the United States, Soviet Union, China, the European Space Agency and India, and the third to make the feat from the first attempt. Besides the UAE’s Hope probe, China and US are leading exploration missions set to reach the Red Planet this month.
As the countdown for the Hope probe’s arrival begins, the UAE leaders invited the public in the UAE and across the region to celebrate the historic mission that represents the Arab world’s breakthrough in space exploration.
RELATED STORY: UAE’s Hope probe to enter Mars orbit on February 9
The meeting was attended by H.H. Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Crown Prince of Dubai and Chairman of Dubai Executive Council and President of the Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre; H.H. Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Deputy Ruler of Dubai; and H.H. Sheikh Tahnoun bin Zayed Al Nahyan, National Security Adviser.
Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid said, “We are 9 days away from making history with our arrival to Mars.” He added, “The UAE has led the Arab world to new frontiers in deep space for the first time in history. Our space mission carries a message of hope and confidence in Arab youth.”
Sheikh Mohammed stressed that “the probe has a 50% chance of successfully entreing Mars’ orbit, but we have achieved 90% of our goals behind this historic project.”
Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan said, “The Emirates Mars Mission embodies the aspirations that distinguish your country and reflects our leading status in the Arab and Islamic world. Through our journey to Mars, we will explore new horizons towards a better future.”
He added, “The UAE’s arrival to Mars was the dream of the late UAE founder Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan. Our investment in the human capital proved worthwhile as we see our youth capable of reaching the stars.”
Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan noted, “We are proud of our people and we look forward to making a historic contribution to serve humanity.”
The Hope probe’s complex maneuver on Feb. 9 will be the most critical part of the mission that will see the spacecraft rapidly reducing its speed from 121,000km/h to 18,000km/h to entre Mars’ orbit.
Upon arriving to Mars after travelling 493 million kilometers in a seven-month journey since its launch on July 20, 2020 from Tanegashima Island in Japan, the probe will provide the first-ever complete picture of the Martian atmosphere.
The unmanned spacecraft will explore the climactic dynamics of the Red Planet in daily and seasonal timescales for a full Martian year (687 earth days), an endeavor that has never been pursued by any previous mission.
READ ON: 189M kilometers remaining: UAE’s Hope Probe to reach Mars on February 9, 2021
The Journey of the Hope Probe
Since its launch from Tanegashima Space Centre in southwestern Japan, on a Mitsubishi MH-IIA rocket, the Hope probe has completed the launch and early operation stages, two of the six stages of its journey. The spacecraft is approaching the end of the third and longest stage, the cruise, which saw three successful maneuvers to keep the probe on track towards its Mars destination. On February 9, 2021, the probe will entre its fourth, and most critical stage of its journey, the Mars Orbit Insertion (MOI), which involves firing six Delta V thrusters to rapidly reduce the speed of the spacecraft from 121,000 km/h to 18,000 km/h to entre Mars’ orbit. The following two stages, the ‘transition to the Science Orbit’ and the ‘Science Orbit’ will see the probe carrying out its exploration mission to study the atmospheric dynamics and weather of the Red Planet.
Complex Operations
The Hope Probe has overcome several complex operations throughout its seven-month journey. During the first stage of the launch, the rocket accelerated away from Earth using its solid-fuel engines. As the rocket penetrated the Earth’s atmosphere, the fairing that protects the Hope probe was discharged.
In the second phase of the launch, the first-stage rocket was disconnected, placing the probe into earth’s orbit before the second-stage launcher pushed the probe on its trajectory towards the Red Planet at a speed in excess of 11km/s, or 39,600km/h, in an exact alignment with Mars.
The probe then moved to the following ‘early operation’ stage where an automated sequence awakened the probe. The central computer was activated and heaters were switched on to prevent the fuel from freesing. The Hope probe then deployed its solar panels and its sensors to locate the sun. It maneuvered to direct the solar panels towards the sun to begin charging the onboard battery. With the power switched on, the first signals from the Hope probe were detected by the NASA Deep Space Network ground station in Madrid.
Successful Maneuvers
After receiving the first successful transmission from the probe, The Emirates Mars Mission team conducted a series of safety tests for 45 days to ensure the probe’s instruments and systems on board are working efficiently. During this phase, the team completed a series of maneuvers to refine the probe’s trajectory to Mars. The first two Trajectory Correction Maneuvers were performed on August 11, 2020 and August 28, 2020.
The probe then successfully entreed the Cruise stage, the third of its journey, through a series of routine operations. The team from the ground station maintained contact with the probe for 6-8 hours, 2-3 times a week. On November 8, 2020, the team successfully performed the third trajectory maneuver to direct the Hope probe towards Mars, setting the date of arrival to the Red Planet’s orbit to be February 9, 2021, at 7:42pm UAE timing. During this phase, the team commissioned the science instruments for the first time in space, conducting regular checks to ensure their efficient operation. The instruments were calibrated using stars to ensure they are ready to operate once they arrive in Mars’ orbit. By the end of this stage, the probe then approaches the most critical part of its mission, which is the Mars Orbit Insertion (MOI).
Hope Probe: A Global Picture of Martian Atmosphere
Once it reaches Mars’ orbit, the Hope probe will provide the first-ever complete picture of the Martian atmosphere, monitoring weather changes throughout the day during all seasons, which has not been done by any previous mission.
The mission will provide deeper insights on the climatic dynamics of the Red Planet through observing the weather phenomena in Mars such as the massive famous dust storms that have been known to engulf the Red Planet, as compared to the short and localised dust storms on earth. It will focus on better understanding the link between weather changes in Mars’ lower atmosphere, with the loss of hydrogen and oxygen from the upper layers of the atmosphere. The probe, for the first time, will study the link between weather change and atmospheric loss, a process that may have caused the Red Planet’s surface corrosion and the loss of its upper atmosphere.
Exploring connections between today’s Martian weather and the ancient climate of the Red Planet will give deeper insights into the past and future of Earth and the potential of life on Mars and other distant planets.
The probe will gather and send back 1,000 GB of new Mars data to the Science Data Centre in the UAE via different ground stations spread around the world. The data will be catalogued and analysed by the Emirates Mars Mission science team, and shared for free with the international Mars science community as a service to human knowledge.
The insights and data we gain from understanding the Martian climate will add new dimensions to human knowledge about how atmospheres work, which will help scientists and researchers evaluate distant worlds for conditions that might support life. Understanding the geographical and climate changes of Mars and the other planets will help us gain deeper insights to find solutions for key challenges facing mankind on earth.
The Historic Launch
After six years of relentless efforts, the defining moment of the Hope probe launch had arrived, initially scheduled on July 15, 2020.
However, unstable weather conditions at launch site in Japan’s Tanegashima Island delayed the launch twice within the 30-day launch window scheduled between July 14 and August 12, 2020. Missing the launch window would have meant delaying the entire mission for two years. After a careful weather forecast, in collaboration with the Japanese team, the Hope probe took off on July 20, 2020 at 01:58am UAE timing.
For the first in the history of space missions, the countdown for the historic launch was in Arabic as excitement and enthusiasm gripped millions of people in the country and across the region. The rocket carrying the probe travelled on a speed of 34,000km/h, penetrating the earth’s atmosphere. Minutes later, the rocket was successfully disconnected and the first signal from the Hope probe was received. The probe also received the first instructions from the Ground Station in Al Khawaneej in Dubai to deploy its solar panels and boot up its systems, marking the beginning of the probe’s journey to the Red Planet in the first-ever Arab mission to space.
A Retreat Start
The Hope probe started as an idea in a cabinet retreat that took place in Sir Baniyas Island in Abu Dhabi at the end of 2013 to brainstorm ways to celebrate the country’s 50th anniversary. Seven months later, on July 16, 2014, His Highness Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the President of the UAE, announced that the nation would be going to Mars, issuing a decree to establish the UAE Space Agency.
The Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre, established in 2015, was tasked with the execution and supervision of all stages of the design, development, and the launch of the Hope probe, while the UAE Space Agency funded and supervised necessary procedures for the implementation.
The announcement had set in motion a historic moment not just for the UAE, but the entire Arab world. It had signaled a shift in the development journey of the UAE through its entry to the global space race where the knowledge and capabilities of the UAE nationals and residents are the true wealth of the nation. The project is not only about sending a probe to Mars – it represents greater hope for the region in empowering the youth in the fields of science and technology.
From a Dream to a National Initiative
The Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre immediately began the project’s implementation, forming teams of young engineers, scientists and researchers to carry out the historic national mission in only six years to coincide with the UAE’s 50th anniversary celebrations in 2021, half the duration of conventional missions to Mars that normally take 10-12 years to implement.
The probe was 100% manufactured, enabling young Emirati scientists and engineers to take on a massive challenge in the new field of space. The young team was trained and prepared to take on projects in the space sector as an opportunity to build new national capabilities and build a sustainable infrastructure for space technologies in the country, in collaboration with global partners.
The Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre team worked with global knowledge transfer partnerships to build and test the Hope probe. On February 2020, His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid witnessed the installation of the last piece of the probe. The metal piece carries the names and signatures of Their Highnesses the Supreme Council Members and Rulers of the Emirates as well as the signatures of Crown Princes. It was also decorated with a phrase that reads, “The power of hope shortens the distance between earth and sky”, in addition to the UAE flag and slogan “the impossible is possible.”
The Pandemic Challenge
After defying the challenge of building the Hope probe in record time, the team was faced by the challenge: transferring the probe from Dubai to its launch site in Japan amid the closure of ports and airports due to the global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Through coming up alternative plans, the team had successfully transferred the probe to Tanegashima Island in Japan in an 83-hour journey over land, sea and air, following strict logistical procedures to ensure the safe arrival of the probe to its launch pad.
UAE Space Agency
The UAE Space Agency was formed in 2014 to regulate and coordinate the UAE’s growing space sector by cultivating national expertise and establishing strategic partnerships in the industry. The Agency contributes to meeting the country’s objectives to diversify the economy and build a knowledge-based future, positioning the UAE as a main contributor to the regional and global space industry.
The Agency is assigned with developing space policies, strategies and plans, directing national space programmes and supporting research in theorical and practical fields. In partnership with relevant authorities locally and internationally, the Agency provides world-class opportunities in the space sector and works to establish and manage investment projects as economic opportunities, in addition to organising conferences and forums to address issues related to the growing industry.
